Non-stupid people always underestimate the damaging power of stupid individuals. A stupid person is a person who causes losses to another person or to a group of persons while himself deriving no gain and even possibly incurring losses. The probability that a certain person be stupid is independent of any other characteristic of that person. Always and inevitably everyone underestimates the number of stupid individuals in circulation. They are akin to laws of nature-a seemingly basic characteristic of the universe. Professor Cipolla wrote out the laws in plain language. His essay about stupidity encompasses all those other topics, and perhaps all of human experience. He also wrote books and studies about clocks, guns, monetary policy, depressions, faith, reason, and of course (he being an economist) money. Cipolla taught at several universities in Italy, and for many years at the University of California, Berkeley. Called “The Basic Laws of Human Stupidity,” it was published in 1976, by an Italian economist:īasic Laws of Human Stupidity, Carlo M. The definitive essay on the subject is younger. The basic laws of human stupidity are ancient. 
By Marc Abrahams, Improbable Research staff
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